In 2008 I attended the Malaysian Corporate Governance Conference at the Securities Commission, Kuala Lumpur, the regulator for Islamic capital markets in Malaysia. The Australian government has a long way to go having produced just one report, with the Malaysian government producing a book store full of publications on Islamic capital markets and the free "Quarterly Bulletin of Malaysian Islamic Capital Market".
The Australian Trade Commission (Austrade) clearly have Malaysia in mind, with a photograph of the Petronas Towers featuring in their report.
As noted in the report (and as I noted at the conference in Malaysia), Islamic Banking has much in common with ethical investment by companies such as "Australian Ethical Investment". However, the report downplays the level of infrastructure and regulation which the Australian government would need to put in place to support Islamic finance.
Contents
Executive Summary 5
Global Development of Islamic Finance 7
What is Islamic finance? 7
Historical development 9
The global financial crisis and Islamic finance 9
Demand for Islamic Finance 11
Size of the market 11
Demand for Islamic finance 12
Factors driving future growth of Islamic finance 15
Supply of Islamic Finance 17
Type of Islamic financial institutions 17
Key countries for Islamic capital 17
International Self-Regulation 19
Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB) 19
Accounting and Auditing Organisation for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) 19
Challenges for Islamic Finance Providers 20
Opportunities in Australia 21
Specific opportunities in Australia 21
Wholesale banking and finance 21
Retail banking 27
Insurance 27
Education 28
Facilitating the growth of Islamic finance in Australia 29
Government policies 29
Appendix A: Explanation of key Islamic financial products and services 30
Appendix B: Description of the key countries involved in the Islamic banking and finance industry outside of the Middle East 34
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Executive Summary
Global development of Islamic finance
Islamic finance is one of the fastest growing segments of the global financial services industry. Shariah-compliant financial assets have been growing at over 10 per cent per annum over the past 10 years.1 Measured by Shariah-compliant assets of financial institutions, the global Islamic finance industry is estimated at US$822 billion in 2009.2
Growth is being driven by the following factors:Currently, the Middle East and South East Asia are the primary locations for Islamic capital. In particular, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Malaysia are seen as the main centres of Islamic finance, with significant activity also taking place in the United Kingdom and more recently in Europe, Africa and Indonesia.3
- petrodollar liquidity: Foreign investment plays an important role for petrodollar investors, whose domestic economies and financial systems are too small to absorb all capital from oil export revenues. This presents significant opportunities for the Islamic banking and finance industry. Petrodollar liquidity is expected to remain high over the long term due to the finite supply of oil reserves;
- Muslim population: Relatively rapid Muslim population growth worldwide and rising living standards will see increased demand for Islamic finance;
- low penetration levels: In spite of growth in the Islamic banking and finance industry, there remains a lack of depth across asset classes and products, signifying untapped potential. There is considerable scope for further development of Islamic banking and finance in countries such as Indonesia, India and Pakistan, which have the largest Muslim populations in the world; and
- ethical character and financial stability of Islamic financial products: Islamic financial products have an ethical focus (notably excluding investment in alcohol and gambling) and a risk profile that will also appeal to a wider ethical investor pool.
The demand for Islamic finance has not been matched by supply despite the rapid growth in the sector in recent years. An increase in supply is necessary to meet current and expected demand.
Opportunities in Australia
Islamic finance has considerable potential to become an important element in Australia’s aspirations to be a global financial services centre in the region. It has the potential to facilitate further innovation and competition in the wholesale and retail banking sectors and to support the Australian Government’s commitment towards credit market diversification.
Australia’s growing trade linkages with Asia reflect the demand for Australian commodities from developing countries such as China and India. Of the top 10 trading partners, eight are in the Asia Pacific Region with China and Japan being the country’s top two-way trading partners.
Continued growth in major Asian economies will result in a need to develop resources-related services and infrastructure, which are ideal assets for some forms of Islamic financing, such as Sukuk, Mudaraba, Murabaha and Ijarah. Australia is well positioned to structure and offer such instruments as part of financing packages for resources-related development.
Australia’s Muslim population of 365,000 (1.7 per cent of the total population),4 exceeds the combined Muslim population of Hong Kong and Japan and is more than half of that of Singapore. Australia’s political stability and geographic position, especially its proximity to the large Muslim populations of the Asia Pacific where 62 per cent or 972.5 million of the world total Muslim population resides,5 present an important base to service this fast growing sector in the global financial services market.
Australia’s attractiveness as a financial centre is supported by a sizeable domestic economy and financial market. The nation has the fourth largest economy in the Asia Pacific (after Japan, China and India). Australia’s finance and insurance industries generate around 8.1 per cent or A$82 billion of real gross value added.6
Australia’s financial sector has remained strong, continuing to develop as a regional and global centre during the global economic downturn. In The Financial Development Report 2009, the World Economic Forum (WEF) ranked Australia the second among 55 of the world’s leading financial systems and capital markets. This is up from 11th place in 2008 and ahead of the US, Singapore and Hong Kong.
Australia’s deep and diverse financial markets have attracted global institutions and service providers to establish operations in Australia.
Access to the nation’s highly skilled and multilingual workforce, advanced business and information technology infrastructure, sound regulation regime and enviable lifestyle, have enabled investors to capture both domestic and regional opportunities in financial markets.
Australia is well placed to take advantage of the Islamic finance opportunity, with widely recognised strengths in retail and commercial banking and experience in infrastructure, property, resources and agricultural financing.
Specific opportunities for Australia include:Australian Federal and state governments recognise that growth of Islamic finance in Australia requires supportive government policies. It is important that there is:
- attracting foreign full-fledged Islamic banks and conventional bank Islamic windows to establish operations in Australia;
- attracting investment in Australian assets and businesses from overseas Shariah investors and tapping into new funding sources through Sukuk and other securitised issues;
- Australian-based banks providing from Australia a range of Shariah-compliant investment and financing products and services to Islamic banks, corporations, institutions and high net worth individuals in the Asia Pacific and the Gulf regions;
- fund managers establishing Shariah-compliant funds for Asian and Gulf institutional and high net worth individual investors;
- local exchanges providing an Islamic listings platform for domestic and international issuers of Shariah-compliant instruments;
- provision by Australian-based financial institutions of Shariah-compliant/ethical financial services and products to Muslim and non-Muslim customers in Australia;
- Australian-headquartered banks and insurance companies exporting Islamic financial services through windows as they grow their operations into Asia; and
- Australian-based financial firms, professional services providers and educational institutions exporting their services into Asia and the Gulf.
1 Standard & Poor’s, Islamic Finance Outlook 2009, 12 May 2009, p.5.
- a level taxation, legal and regulatory playing field for Islamic and non-Islamic finance. Taxation must be responsive and enabling but non-preferential;
- strong promotion and facilitation through government investment attraction and export promotion agencies;
- government engagement with the private sector in achieving Islamic finance objectives, identifying impediments to, and opportunities for growth;
- a focus on deepening Islamic finance skills – education, training, attainment of relevant qualifications – and on access to appropriate Shariah scholars; and
- growth in Islamic finance professional services providers.
2 The Banker, Top 500 Islamic Financial Institutions, November 2009.
3 IFSL, Islamic Finance 2009, February 2009; The Banker, ‘Banker survey shows the growth in Islamic finance,’ 28 October 2009.
4 Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census.
5 Pew Research Centre, Mapping the Global Muslim Population – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Muslim Population, October 2009.
6 Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), cat. no. 5206.0, National Income, Expenditure and Product, March Quarter 2009, Times Series Workbook, Table 6.
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From: Islamic Finance, Australian Trade Commission (Austrade), January 2010 (released 12 February 2010)
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