Bob Hawke on China's Foreign Policy

Greetings from the Great Hall of the Australian National University, where former Prime Minister, Bob Hawke is speaking at the launch of the book 'China's Foreign Policy' by Stuart Harris. Mr. Hawke commented he had just made his 98th visit to China and his first was just after the Gang of Four were arrested in 1978. He emphasised China's attachment to a peaceful international environment. This contrasts with the general view at the Alliance 21 conference yesterday, which assumed aggressive posture by China in the East and South China seas. Mr. Hawke nominated Deng Xiao Ping's reforms of the Chinese economy as the greatest single decision by a leader in the 20th Century (I am not sure that historians would agree with this). Mr. Hawke argued that China was not a threat to the Western world. Mr. Hawke then mentioned the South China Sea. He said that Chinese officials had said they were interested in joint development of resources. However, this seems at odds to the current confrontation taking place between Chinese warships around a oil exploration rig in waters claimed by Vietnam. Mr. Hawke claimed that China never had a warm relationship with the Soviet Union and this was just a matter of convenience. This seems at odds with history, where China and the Soviet Union provided personnel in support of North Korea.

Professor Stuart Harris has a less glowing view of China, pointing out that it will have more cohesive power, but at least in the short term this will be used to address issues close to China. Professor Harris cautioned that misunderstandings could lead to conflict, as they did in world war one.He pointed out that both the Chinese and US government contain differing views on how to resolve their conflicting interests.

At question time Mr. Hawke was asked about the current government's foreign policy. He expressed concern about the current prime minister's enthusiasm for describing Japan and Australia as close allies.  He also cautioned that future wars still run the risk of nuclear escalation.

Alliances under austerity: what does America want?

Greetings from University House at the Australian National University in Canberra, where Dr Bates Gill, CEO of the US Studies Centre is speaking on "Alliances under austerity – what does America want?". Dr Gill said it was a delight to spend time learning more about the Australian end of the relationship with the USA. He has spent three decades writing on strategic issues in the Asian region, with numerous books.

The public perception is that US defense spending is declining, whereas that of China, India and other Asian countries is increasing. Dr Gill pointed out that defense spending has been declining in western countries over the last few years, But over ten years, defense spending is still high by historical standards. Australia and Korea have increased spending, whereas there has been a decline in Europe.

Dr Gill  pointed out there was a more diffuse threat environment. He suggested that the USA wanted more flexibility and independence from its allies. He suggested that this predates the global financial crisis. He suggested the framework for security should be broadened to include cultural engagement(seems a good idea to me as the USA on its own has not been good at winning hearts and minds).

In my view what seemed to be missing from Dr Gill's  analysis was they type of soft diplomacy used by China, with a combination of very targeted aid and economic investment. On a visit to Samoa, I noticed that the US Peace Corps office was being guarded by local staff wearing Chinese People's Liberation Army caps.

While on a visit to Sri Lanka recently, I was surprised to find the hotel full of US military officers there for a Multinational Communication Interoperability Programme workshop. Down the coast, China funded the Port of Hambantot which has strategic implications.

Dr Gill suggested more prepositioning of US equipment in the Asian region would be needed. This is a somewhat controversial issue in Australia, with a recent article in  Online Opinion magazine asking "Is Central Australia the geostrategic centrepiece in the USA's new look east policy?".

Dr Gill suggested  the USA wanted to engage China in ways which both assure and deter. He said this would be "tricky".


I suggest that Australia needs to be clear on what it wants from the relationship and what it needs to contribute and the limits of USA's capabilities. As an example, it appears that Australia is planning to build 12 long range, very large, conventional submarines, for the Collins Class Submarine Replacement Project. Essentially Australia will attempt to build conventional submarines using technology from the USA's nuclear boats. There are both strategic and practical difficulties with this approach.

If larger replacements for the Collins Class Submarines can be built, they will be integrated into the US submarine strategic forces. This may involve Australia in wars far from its shores, preempting Australian political decisions. This could result in Australia being the target of retaliation using strategic weapons, as a way for the USA's opponents to send it a message.

The USA has no recent experience of building conventional submarines and Australia has a poor record of building such submarines. It is almost certain that the project will result in the underwater equivalent of the failed US Zumwalt Class Destroyer project. Australia will spend  billions of dollars and after more than a decade have, at best, one operational submarine. An alternative strategy would have European built submarines of a proven design, which will protect Australia, rather than project power.


One issue Dr Gilldid not address is cyber-warfare. China is reported to be heavily investing in this area, partly because it is cost effective. So perhaps the USA and Australia should be investing more in this area. Australia regularly hosts military exercises, where Australian, US and other forces practice. Some of these are "staff" exercises, run in an office with no real weapons, others have ships, aircraft, vehicles and tens of thousands of personnel. Alongside this can be cyber-war games. At present this is seen in Australia and the USA as a secretive practice for a very small number of personnel. I suggest a change of view is needed, to where it is seen as a mainstream activity, which many personnel will be involved in, alongside civilian security agencies, police, industry and academia. It needs to be realized that the most potent cyber-weapons are civilian systems, not military ones (just as civilian aircraft and ships are taken up for military use during mobilization).

In this lecture, Dr Bates Gill, CEO of the US Studies Centre brings his considerable expertise of American policymaking to bear to examine how the effects of the global financial crisis and American budget crunch are changing the United States’ alliance relationships. As part of the US ‘pivot’ to Asia, Washington will have new expectations, requests and demands of its key allies, including Australia. How will financial decisions affect US strategy? Will this mean Australia has to share a higher security burden or could it lead to an increased voice and influence for Australia in shaping the US approach to the Asia-Pacific.

Dr Bates Gill commenced as CEO of the US Studies Centre in October 2012 after a five year appointment as the Director of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. He previously led major research programmes at public policy think tanks in Washington, DC (Brookings Institution and Center for Strategic and International Studies) and in Monterey, California (Monterey Institute of International Studies). He has also served as a consultant to US companies, foundations, and government agencies, especially with regard to their policies in Asia. He received his PhD in foreign affairs from the University of Virginia, and, in addition to his experience in the USA, has lived and worked for lengthy periods in France, Switzerland, Sweden, and China.

Vint Cerf On Human Rights on the Internet

Greetings from the Australian National University 'remote hub' in Canberra for the United Nations Internet Governance Forum.

The IGF Meeting is being held in Nairobi, Kenya, on the theme 'Internet as a catalyst for change: access, development, freedoms and innovation'. Currently Vint Cerf, is discussing human rights on the Internet with several others. There is a Live Webcast, along with a live text transcript.

One amusing aspect that a UK representative claimed that recent riots in the UK were just criminal activity, not political. I expect that any government would make the same claim. ;-)

Internet Governance is Like Other Governance

Greetings from the The Sixth Annual United Nations Internet Governance Forum ANU Remote Hub, at the Australian National University in Canberra. Three local speakers are setting the scene, before the streaming commences from the United Nations Internet Governance Forum 2011 in Nairobi, Kenya.

There are two speakers from ANU and one from the Department of Communications:

1. Dr. Jacinta O'Hagan, Department of International Relations, ANU
2. Andrew Mauer, Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy
3. Dr. Matthew Rimmer, College of Law, ANU
   

Dr. O'Hagan discussed what "Governance" is and how that addresses the needs of those in need internationally. This seems a little naive to me, as in the rest of life, the Internet will mostly be government by those who have resources and power to preserve their interests. There is no reason why the Internet should suddenly make people altruistic.

In my view, current Internet governance issues are around the division of power between the USA, Europe and emerging economies in Asia, particularly China. The Internet was designed in the USA and the World Wide Web in Europe. Even where there was a deliberate attempt to be inclusive the results were limited. As an example, the Internet was designed to work primarily with the English language and, to a less extent, other European languages. Even when Unicode was introduced to allow other languages, it had the US ASCII character set built in, making it easier to use for English than Asian languages.

Andrew Mauer explained ICANN's origins in academia and its diverse makeup. He emphasized that ICANN is not a UN body and operates differently to some other international bodies. He discussed various proposals for more government control of the Internet. But in my view ICANN works much like other voluntary standards bodies, with similar government and commercial tensions.

In my view many international systems which look as if they were run by monolithic government control, such as the banking system and telecommunications, really are not like that. Tensions in the international standards process are well documented. Kenneth R. McConnell's book "Fax: Facsimile Technology and Systems" (1999) describes the disputes between the USA and Japan over the development of fax standards. Carl Malamud's 1992 book "Exploring the Internet: A Technical Travelogue" discussed the dysfunctional nature of international telecommunications standards, which held up adoption of the Internet. Marc Levinson's book "The Box" discussed commercial and national rivalries in developing the ISO shipping container standard.

Dr. Rimmer, talked about the Washington Declaration on Intellectual Property and the Public Interest. But as with Internet governance, in my view Intellectual Property (IP) law is understandably designed by those with power and resources to maintain their position. Essentially the developed world, after building their industry by freely copying inventions, wants to now limit access to inventions by developing nations. This is acknowledged, for example with the Australian Trade Minister Mark Vaile referring to called section 17.4.4 of the Australia—US Free Trade Agreement as the "Mickey Mouse clause".

ps: I will be talking about "Education on-line for development" at the forum at ANU, 3pm, 29 September 2011

UN Internet Governance Forum in Canberra

The Australian National University is providing a free 'remote hub' in Canberra for the United Nations Internet Governance Forum, 3:00pm to 7:30pm, 27 to 30 September 2011.

The IGF Meeting is being held in Nairobi, Kenya, on the theme 'Internet as a catalyst for change: access, development, freedoms and innovation':

1. Internet governance for development (IG4D)
2. Emerging Issues
3. Managing critical Internet resources
4. Security, openness and privacy
5. Access and diversity
6. Taking stock and the way forward

The ANU will have a video link to Nairobi for remote participation. Due to time zones, ANU will only participate in the morning sessions of the conference (from 4pm Canberra time). There will also be brief presentations on the theme of the meeting by local speakers in Canberra (see the call for participation to volunteer to speak).

The Program For Canberra

Day one: 27 September: Human rights and Internet governance for development

• 3pm Workshop
• 4 to 5.30pm Human rights comes first: a constitutional movement for Internet Governance
• 6 to 7.30pm Internet governance for development

Day two 28 September: Cyber security

• 3pm Workshop
• 4pm to 5.30pm Cyber security: safeguarding the global Internet and emerging issues
• 6pm to 7.30pm: Blocking content: issues, principles and paths forward

Day three : 29 September: Global Internet governance issues

• 3-4pm Workshop
• 4-5.30pm The governance dimension of the Internet of things
• 6-7.30pm Access and diversity

Day four: 30 September 2011: Participation and resources

• 3pm Workshop
• 4 to 5.30pm Public sector information online: towards a global framework
• 6-7.30pm Managing critical Internet resources
  

Here are some excerpts from the UN Draft Programme for the 2011 Meeting:

Internet Governance Forum (IGF)

Draft Programme for the 2011 Meeting

15 September 2011

I. Programme Overview

The Sixth Annual meeting of the IGF will be held on 27-30 September 2011. ...

II. The agenda of the Nairobi meeting

The proposed theme of the meeting Internet as a catalyst for change: access, development, freedoms and innovation. ...

• IG4D / Internet governance for development (IG4D)

• Emerging Issues

• Managing critical Internet resources

• Security, openness and privacy

• Access and diversity

• Taking stock and the way forward

... basic questions which each key theme will address are as follows:

• The Development Agenda / Internet Governance for Development (IG4D).

As one of the innovations for IGF 2011, it is being recommended by the MAG that in addition to being a key theme and having a ninety (90) minute session to be held on the first afternoon of the IGF 2011 meeting, that the development agenda would be a cross-cutting focus in each of the other key themes and that this cross-cutting focus would be represented in at least one of the questions posed as part of each of the key themes

Main question

“What are examples of specific global Internet governance issues that may have particular relevance to development?”

Sub questions

• How are Internet Governance decisions at the national and international level related?

• How can Internet Governance be integrated into development approaches?

• How can the IGF foster the development process?

• What are the developmental issues/concerns that to-date have not received sufficient attention in the IGF?

• What are the current substantive policy outputs of governance arrangements vis-a-vis developing country interests?

• What are the institutional processes vis-a-vis equitable participation of developing countries?

• How can an IG4D agenda be explored within IGF and moved forward to other international settings?

Moderators:

• Mr. Ben Akoh, Project Manager, IISD

• Olga Cavalli, Adviser for Technology, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Argentina)

Panelists

1. Mr. William J Drake, International Fellow, University of Zurich, Overview and background: (5 minutes)

2. Dmitri Dilani, Head of Africa Region, Nokia
   Siemens Networks, Mobile internet: (5 minutes)

3. Ms. Joy Liddicoat, APC, Security/Openness/Privacy: (5 minutes)

4. Natasha Pinheiro Agostini, Government of Brazil
   Access & diversity (5 minutes)

5. Mr. Katim Touray, ICANN, Managing critical Internet resources: (5 minutes)

6. Khaled Fourati, International Development Research Centre, Summary and Synthesis: (5 minutes)

Remote moderators:

• Mr. Fouad Bajwa, MAG member

• Mr. Barrack Otieno, former IGF Secretariat

Emerging issues

Main question

“Is governance different for the mobile Internet from the wired Internet?”

Format: 2 co-moderators and 6 panelists to set the stage and interact with participants

No presentations

Sub questions

o What are the key development issues given strong mobile penetration in developing countries and the use of new equipment and applications that did not exist before?

o How do Internet policy and regulation choices in the mobile Internet context impact the range of human rights, openness and neutrality?

o What are the policy and governance choices and opportunities in the mobile Internet space that foster innovation, skills building, entrepreneurship and maximizing the Internet for economic development?

Moderators:

• Mr. Virat Bhatia, President, AT&T India

• Sebastian Bellagamba, ISOC Regional Bureau Director for Latin America
  
  

Panelists

1. Ms Jacquelynn Ruff, Vice President, International Public Policy & Regulatory Affairs, Verizon

2. Mr. Hossein MOIIN, Chief Technology Officer

3. Dr Burt Kaliski, Chief Technology Officer, Verisign

4. Mr Vagner Diniz, Manager, W3C Brazil office

5. Mr Steve Song, Founder, Village Telco

6. Mr Shri N Ravi Shanker, Additional Secretary, Department of Information Technology (Government of India)

Remote moderator(s)

1. Claudia Selli, EU Affairs Director, AT&T

• Managing critical Internet resources

• What is the role of each Stakeholder in managing Internet resources?

• How to evaluate accountability, transparency and inclusiveness the management of Internet resources?

• How do we promote capacity building in critical Internet resources?

• IPv4 and IPv6 transition, what are the burdens, impacts and opportunities for developing and developed countries?

Moderators:

• Mr. William J Drake , International Fellow, University of Zurich

• Ms. Emily Taylor , Independent Consultant

Panelists:

1. Ms. Shane Tews, Vice President, Global Public Policy and Government Relations at VeriSign Inc.

2. Avri Doria

3. Ms. Fiona Alexander, Associate Administrator, Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), Office of Affairs (OIA)

4. Ms. Alice Munyua-Wanjira, Chair, Kenya Internet Governance Steering committee, Convener of the East Africa Internet Governance Forum (EA-IGF); Kenya ICT Action Network (KICTANet) Vice Chair ICANN Government Advisory Committee (GAC); Kenya Network Information Centre (KENIC)

5. Ms. Anriette Esterhuysen , Executive Director, APC

6. Ms. Tulika Pandey, Director, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (Government of India)

7. Mr. Patrik Faltstrom

Remote moderator:

• Ms Salanieta Tamanikaiwaimaro, Group Legal Regulatory Officer, Telecom Fiji Limited, FIJI

Feeder Workshops

• 18. Policy issues affecting ccTLDs in Africa.

• 64. Interconnecting Africa: Opportunities and Obstacles along the way

• 70. On the outside, looking in: real-world solutions to effective participation in ICANN, IGF and ITU

• 82. The Governance Dimension of the Internet of Things

• 96. Economic Aspects of Local Content Creation and Local Internet Infrastructure

• 135. 'Strengthening ccTLD's in East Africa'- interrogating the research findings

• 165. Understanding IPv6 Deployment and Transition

• 178. Institutional Choice in Global Internet Governance

• Security, openness and privacy

This session will discuss the cross-border Internet governance issues that are encountered at the intersection of security, privacy and openness. Current examples include actions taken by a range of Internet actors in relation to whistleblowers sites, the “seizure” of domain names, proposals for blocking of websites and filtering of networks, the role that cybersecurity operations centers and law enforcement can play in protecting the Internet and its users from cyber attacks and cybercrime, and the impacts of action taken to cut access to the Internet for individuals, groups or entire countries from the global Internet. The session will also discuss the role of traditional and new media, journalism and citizens' media role. The session will build upon last year's Security, Openness and Privacy main session on the role of intermediaries can take to protect freedom of expression and innovation.

Sub Questions

• What are the most significant cross-border Internet governance issues that affect security, privacy and openness?

• What is the role of traditional and new media, journalists and citizen journalists in the Internet 3.0 world?

• Is the ability to read over the Internet essential in a democratic society? What are the implications for Internet governance when online censorship is imposed by the private sector (e.g. a web hosting provider) and not the government? Is it a violation of human rights to cut Internet access that individuals, specific groups or entire countries rely on?

• What are the implications of those actions for online freedom of expression, assembly and association?

• Is the content distribution and communication capacity that the Internet affords important to fostering human rights?

• Should we identify self-regulatory policies, regulatory choices and best practices for players in the Internet eco-system that protect openness, privacy, and security for all individuals?

Moderators

• Ms. Katitza Rodriguez, International Rights Director, Electronic Frontier Foundation

• Mr. Lee Hibbard, Coordinator, Internet Governance & Information Society, Council of Europe

Panelists

1. Ms. Neelie Kroes, Vice President, European Commission and European Digital Agenda Commissioner

2. Ms. Meryem Marzouki, Senior Academic Researcher, CNRS and European Digital Rights

3. Mr. Frank LaRue, UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression

4. Ms. Christine Runnegar, Senior Policy Advisor, Internet Society

5. Ms. Heba Ranzy, Director of MEA Corporate Affairs, Microsoft Middle East and Africa

Remote moderator:

TBA

Feeder Workshops

• 85. Free Flow of Information and Social Networks: A Role for Democracy and Social Participation

• 160. Global Trends to Watch: The Erosion of Privacy and Anonymity and The Need of Transparency of Government Access Requests

• 202. Cybersecurity: Safeguarding the Global Internet and Emerging Issues/Opportunities for Developing Countries

• Access and diversity

Main Question:

“Internet access as a basic human right: What challenges and opportunities does this pose for policy makers and the broader Internet community?”

Sub Questions:

• What are the main technical, commercial and policy obstacles on the ground for achieving universal affordable access to infrastructure (particularly to broadband Internet access) in developing countries?

• What are the main current obstacles to access to knowledge and content online?

• What are the regulatory and policy options to address those obstacles to access to both infrastructure and knowledge/content and what are the roles of the policy makers and the broader Internet community on that regard?

• How can access to infrastructure and knowledge in the context of developing countries contribute to a) foster transformation of education, innovation, entrepreneurship; b) fight poverty and promote social and human development?

• How does access to the Internet and the regulation of digital content impact diversity on the Internet, especially on content production in developing countries?

• How can Internet governance enable a movement towards a participatory and inclusive Internet, taking into consideration the right to access of people with disabilities, multilingualism and the inclusion of the most socially excluded groups?

Moderator:

• Ms. Theresa Swinehart, Executive Director, Global Internet Policy - Verizon Communications

• Mr. Laurent Elder, Programme leader Information and Networks, International Development Research Center (IDRC)

Panelists:

1. Ms. Paul Kukubo, CEO, Kenya ICT Board (Government of Kenya)

2. Mr. Dawit Bekele, Regional Bureau Director for Africa, ISOC

3. Ms. Grace Githaiga, Associate, Kictanet

4. Mr. Robert Pepper, Vice President, Global Technology Policy Cisco

5. Mr. Fred Haga, Regional Officer Eastern Africa, Kenya Institute of Education

Remote Moderator:

• Ms. Virginia Paque, IGCBP coordinator, DiploFoundation

Feeder Workshops

• 87. Citizen empowerment through the social use of ICTs

• 101. Are we meeting the challenges of bringing content and access to the world?

• 113. Access and diversity of broadband Internet access

• 126. Internet for democratic participation of vulnerable people in public life-best practices exchange

• 136. Implementing good practices in accessibility for an inclusive society

• 137. Mainstreaming the disability perspective for an inclusive society

• 163. Right to Information, Internet Access & Inclusive Development

• 188. Transforming Higher Education through Broadband– Maximizing the Opportunities

• Taking stock and the way forward

Topics for discussion in this session:

• Has IGF 2011 contributed to the development agenda and how can IGF 2012 better serve the development agenda?

• Has IGF 2011 contributed to capacity building? How can efforts to build capacity be continued between IGF2011 and IGF 2012?

• Given the recommendations that have come from CSTD/ECOSOC, how should the IGF 2012 be organized?

Moderators:

• Mr. Bertrand de La Chapelle, Program Director, International Diplomatic Academy

• Ms. Anriette Esterhuysen , Executive Director, APC

Panelists

1. Ms. Maimouna Diop, ICT Director, Ministry of Post, Telecommunications and ICT, (Government of Senegal)

2. Hon Minister Haruna Idrissu, Ministry of Communications (Government of Ghana)

3. Luis Magalhães, President, Knowledge Society agency (UMIC), Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education, Lisbon (Porto Salvo) Portugal. cc: Ana Neves.

4. Vint Cerf, Chief Internet Evangelist, Google.

5. Ms. Anriette Esterhuysen, Executive Director, APC

6. Mr. Markus Kummer, Vice President, ISOC

7. Ms. Shane Tews, Vice President, Global Public Policy and Government Relations, VeriSign

8. Mr. Wolfgang Kleinwächter, Professor, University of Aahrus

9. Ms. Jeanette Hofmann, Senior Researcher, London School of Economics

Remote Moderator:

• Ms. Valeria Betancourt, Communication and Information Policy Programme Manager, Association for Progressive Communication

III. Programme outline

... Flag raising ceremony

On the morning of the first day (27 September), a UN ceremony raising the UN flag will be held. This ceremony will mark the beginning of the IGF 2011 meeting.

Internet governance: Regional perspectives on setting the scene

In light of the logistical changes imposed on the timetable it is now proposed rather than having one three hour session of regional perspectives there will be three 90-minute sessions on regional perspective and that these sessions will be interpreted. The objective of these sessions is to provide participants with some historical context on and an introduction to the main issues of the Nairobi meeting as well as inform delegates of the way in which national and regional IGF activities have been addressing key issues. There was very strong support for keeping this stream of sessions and for ensuring adequate time be given to allow all multi-stakeholder and regional interests to be voiced. The MAG again recommended that this suggestion be implemented.

Each of the regional and national IGF-type meetings that wish to participate in these sessions will be requested to send in a substantive discussion of their perspectives as they emerged from their meetings held throughout 2011.

After a brief historical overview given by a representative of the IGF secretariat, there will be a moderated session with representatives of the various regional meetings held in 2011. The goal for these sessions is twofold. These sessions will:

• Provide regional input on the thematic themes of IGF 2011 to give participants a cross-regional perspective;

• Allow the representatives of the regional and national meetings to inform IGF 2011 of concerns and topics beyond those included in the programme for IGF 2011.

...

Main session on key themes

Three, 120 minute, main sessions will be devoted to each of the following key themes:

• Managing critical Internet resources

• Security, openness and privacy

• Access and diversity

...

Sessions for the other 3 key themes will be scheduled as follows:

• The Development Agenda / IG4D - Day 1 morning 11:00 – 12:30

• Emerging Issues - Day 2 morning 11:00 – 12:30

• Taking stock and the way forward - Day 4 Afternoon – 14:30 – 16:00 ...
  

IV. Workshops

One of the main objectives of the 2011 meeting is to continue the 2010 practice on the linkages between workshops and main sessions. ... All workshops will have real time transcription and will be webcast.

Feeder workshops

Selected workshops, called feeder workshops, will be woven into the proceedings of the relevant main sessions. Participants from the feeder workshops will be encouraged to attend the main sessions related to the feeder workshops in order to broaden the discussions on the themes of the sessions when possible. ...

	No of feeder workshops	Total number of workshops before main session
IG4D	1	2
Emerging Issues	0	3
Access and Diversity	6	11
Security, openness and privacy	3	12
Critical Internet resources	7	12
Taking stock/way forward	0	6

...

Background papers

All workshops are requested to provide background papers prior to their sessions and are invited to produce substantive analysis papers after the workshops. Workshop organizers are also required to make available a brief report with a few bullet points describing the discussions, any outcomes, and future directions within a half-day after the workshop. For those workshops designated as feeder workshops, these can be used as the input into the main sessions.

V. Proposed Schedule

The most updated schedule can be found at http://www.intgovforum.org/cms/.

VIII. Remote Moderation

Each session will benefit from a remote moderator. All event organizers are requested to arrange for a remote moderator to help in the process of moving from remote observation to genuine remote participation.

A complete job description of the remote moderator can be found at http://www.intgovforum.org/cms/component/content/article/514-job-description-for-remote-moderators.

...

IX. List of resource persons

Individuals who would like to be a resource person, either as part of a workshop or a main session, are invited to register with the IGF secretariat.

Organizers of workshops and sessions who are looking for people to fill a slot on a panel or be otherwise involved within their workshop proposals, including as remote moderators, will be invited to access that list maintained by the Secretariat to find speakers and contributors for their sessions. ...