Designing a Decision Support Centre

The computer labs on the ground floor of the Computer Science and Information Technology Building (CSIT) at the Australian National University are due to be re-equipped. Rather than just replace the old computers with new ones, I have suggested turning part of the ground floor (about 300 square metres) into a teaching and learning commons, modelled on a military Decision Support Centre.

As well as regular teaching, this would be used to expose senior public servants from the Australian Public Service and senior military officers, to new technology supported decision making techniques. This would be done in much the same way that the the University of Canberra Inspire Centre is used to allow teachers new technology based educational techniques. Also the facility would showcase the latest in low energy technology. Apart from the environmental benefits such energy saving technology saves lives in military operations by reducing the logistics tail and so putting fewer support personnel in harm's way.

Current Building Design

The award winning CSIT Building was purpose designed for computer science in the mid 1990s, with input by computer scientist Dr. David Hawking.

The building was ahead of its time being designed for high performance computer data cabling and work environments have been provided for undergraduate and postgraduate teaching, as well as project work.

The ground floor area originally had a seminar room (the famous N101), two smaller project rooms N118, N102), a computer museum in the foyer (N120), two tutorial rooms (N108, N109), five smaller prac rooms (N110 to N114), and two larger prac rooms (N115, N116).

Later N110 and N111 were re-purposed as postgraduate rooms. Half the dividing wall between the larger prac rooms (N115, N116) was removed to make a larger computer equipped teaching space.

The remaining prac rooms (N112 to N116) are equipped with parallel benches running down the room fitted with desktop computers. There are projection screens at the front of the rooms.

There is a student foyer near the main entrance, this has a notice board shared printers.

Issues With the Spaces

The computer equipment is due for replacement. However, this provides the opportunity to rethink the use of the space.

Changes in Teaching Practice

The facility was designed with a bifurcation of teaching practice on the main axis. There are tutorial rooms on the southern side of the main corridor and prac rooms (computer labs) on the northern side. The tutorial rooms were designed for medium sized groups using conventional face to face teaching techniques lead by a tutor (without computers). The prac rooms were designed for individuals or small groups of students to work, with or without supervision, but without formal presentations.

The prac rooms have now evolved to allow for group instruction, with a presenter at the front of the room, as well as continuing to be used for small group and individual work.

The changes in teaching practice are also reflected more widely in organisations (including the public service and the military), with the regimented approach of "offices" and "meeting" breaking down. A change in the physical design will better prepare students for the world in which they will work.

Changes In Technology

The ANU Research School of Computer Science is a leader in the development of open source software and operating systems. ANU uses a mix of operating systems. There are also new options with students using their own laptops, net books and tablet computers.

The use of "cloud" computing and web based interfaces is rendering the issues of the desktop hardware and operating system used to be largely irrelevant. Students, increasingly have their own mobile computing device, be it a laptop or tablet. The university needs to provide wireless networking to the learning management system and major computing resources. This approach is now reflected in business and government with increasing use of Bring-Your-Own-Device (BYOD).

Computer Assisted Learning

In the last few years ANU has made a major investment in e-learning with the development of the "Wattle" system using the Moodle learning management system and related software. CECS is a leader in the use of this technology for blended learning with the Engineering Hubs and Spokes Project and for e-learning with the award winning ICT Sustainability course.

As a result the University will require fewer large lecture theatres seating hundreds of students and more small computer equipped flexible teaching rooms seating 24 to 48 students. Also space will be required for students to work alone or in small groups with computer access.

This creates an opportunity to skip generations of high cost specialised classroom design and adopt a general purpose open plan layout in the CIST building.

Suggested Approach: Design a Learning Centre

The suggested approach is to remodel the western ground floor of the CIST building as a learning centre, reorienting the space to use the existing entrance on the southern side:

1. Cafe Reception: The existing foyer would be equipped as an informal "cafe" with tables and benches with power points for student laptops. Some spaces would be equipped with wall mounted screens for small group work by students. These could be modelled on the UNSW Eora Exchange (by lahznimmo architects) and the Southbank Institute of Technology Library. Other useful examples are the University of Canberra Teaching and Learning Commons, ANU Hancock West, and University of Adelaide Hub Central.

2. TEAL Room: The internal walls would be removed from the western end of the ground floor to create one large square 18 x 18 m "TEAL" room, like that at the University of Canberra Inspire Centre. This would accommodate classes of up to 120 people. The room could be divided into four smaller rooms with movable partitions.

To accommodate computer based examinations, then the TEAL room would be lined with metal foil insulation, blocking external wireless data access. Students could use their own laptop, a specially filtered WiFi system and a monitored, hosted IT system for their examinations. Students would only be permitted to use their laptops as terminals to the examination server, with any data copied from elsewhere detected and reported by the system. The same system would be available for classes made up of senior public servants and military officers, where sensitive topics may be discussed.

3.  Decision Support: The TEAL room would have a flat floor with a rubber surface making it suitable for movable wheeled furniture. The walls would be plain white-board surfaces and equipped with projectors. This would allow the room to be laid out with movable furniture to emulate a civilian office, or a military command centre. Additional support software would be hosted locally, or accessed from a remote server, such as the Grouputer system. Students would interact with scenarios prepared, including live and simulated content transmitted to the room. Such systems are discussed in "Electronic meeting systems – what they are and how they could benefit Australian government organisations" (S. Lesley Hodges , 2010).

1. Classroom Design
2. Flexible learning centre
3. Learning commons
4. Command Centre Design

Designing a Learning Commons for Computer Science

The computer labs on the ground floor of the Computer Science and Information Technology Building (CSIT) at the Australian National University are due to be re-equipped. Rather than just replace the old computers with new ones, I have suggested turning the entire ground floor (about 800 square metres) into a teaching and learning commons.

Current Building Design

The award winning CSIT Building was purpose designed for computer science in the mid 1990s, with input by computer scientist Dr. David Hawking.

The building was ahead of its time being designed for high performance computer data cabling and work environments have been provided for undergraduate and postgraduate teaching, as well as project work.

The ground floor area originally had a seminar room (the famous N101), two smaller project rooms N118, N102), a computer museum in the foyer (N120), two tutorial rooms (N108, N109), five smaller prac rooms (N110 to N114), and two larger prac rooms (N115, N116).

Later N110 and N111 were re-purposed as postgraduate rooms. Half the dividing wall between the larger prac rooms (N115, N116) was removed to make a larger computer equipped teaching space.

The remaining prac rooms (N112 to N116) are equipped with parallel benches running down the room fitted with desktop computers. There are projection screens at the front of the rooms.

There is a student foyer near the main entrance, this has a notice board shared printers.

Issues With the Spaces

The computer equipment is due for replacement. However, this provides the opportunity to rethink the use of the space.

Changes in Teaching Practice

The facility was designed with a bifurcation of teaching practice on the main axis. There are tutorial rooms on the southern side of the main corridor and prac rooms (computer labs) on the northern side. The tutorial rooms were designed for medium sized groups using conventional face to face teaching techniques lead by a tutor (without computers). The prac rooms were designed for individuals or small groups of students to work, with or without supervision, but without formal presentations.

The prac rooms have now evolved to allow for group instruction, with a presenter at the front of the room, as well as continuing to be used for small group and individual work.

Individual and small group work has different requirements to large group work and there is there for a compromise in the room design. This is seen most obviously in the combined room N115/N116, which has a half wall down the centre of the room. This wall allows the room to be used for two small separate groups, but when used as one large room half the class can't see the other.

Changes In Technology

The ANU Research School of Computer Science is a leader in the development of open source software and operating systems. ANU uses a mix of Apple Mac and Microsoft Windows operating systems. There are also new options with students using their own laptops, net books and tablet computers.

The use of "cloud" computing and web based interfaces is rendering the issues of the desktop hardware and operating system used to be largely irrelevant. It is suggested that students, particularly Computer Science students should be expected to have their own mobile computing device, be it a laptop or tablet. The unviersity then just need to provide wireless networking to the learning management system and major computing resoruces.

Computer Assisted Learning

In the last few years ANU has made a major investment in e-learning with the development of the "Wattle" system using the Moodle learning management system and related software. CECS is a leader in the use of this technology for blended learning with the Engineering Hubs and Spokes Project and for e-learning with the award winning ICT Sustainability course.

As a result CECS will require fewer large lecture theatres seating hundreds of students and more small computer equipped flexible teaching rooms seating 24 to 48 students. Also space will be required for students to work alone or in small groups with computer access.

This creates both an opportunity and a problem. The Colledge will not need to use external lecture theatres as much (these spaces being unsuitable for modern teaching practices) but will require new spaces for teaching. Other colleges, such as commerce and law have constructed new buildings with "Harvard" style rooms for group teaching. However, there is not the space, nor is there likely to be the funding for the construction of these in the CSIT building. Also these Harvard style rooms are not optimal for modern teaching as they do not have a flat floor.

Suggested Approach: Design a Learning Centre

Fitting the conflicting requirements into a small space in the CSIT building is a complex task. However, some recent developments in teaching space design can be adapted. Advances in computer technology can also make the task easier.

The suggested approach is to:

1. Retain Seminar Room: The existing N101 seminar room should be retained essentially unchanged. The previous raised platform at the front of the room has already been removed, to provide a flat floor for the entire space.

2. Re-purpose display room: The current computer display room at the entry to the building is not effective. The exhibits could instead be provided on flat panel wall screen in the foyer and the room used for meetings.

3. Remove Desktop Computers: Using the approach suggested by Dr Kathy Lynch at the University of the Sunshine Coast, the ground floor of the building could be modeled along the lines of a high technology business of the type IT students would aspire to work for (or own). To achieve that look, the central entrance and open plan area could be remodeled as the entrance and reception area. This would provide a place for students to meet and to find out about activities. This area would be also used during breaks in evening courses when the refectory areas of the ANU may not be open.

The current prac rooms have a very low seating density, resulting in great flexibility but limited capacity. It suggested that all desktop computers be removed and students required to bring their own mobile device instead. This will then allow the large fixed benches to be replaced with smaller fold up tables on wheels. It should also allow the space to accommodate twice as many students overall.

The foyer would be equipped as an informal "cafe" with tables and benches equipped with power points for student laptops. Some spaces would be equipped with wall mounted screens for small group work by students. These could be modelled on the UNSW Eora Exchange (by lahznimmo architects) and the Southbank Institute of Technology Library. Other useful examples are the University of Canberra Teaching and Learning Commons, ANU Hancock West, and University of Adelaide Hub Central.

4. TEAL Room: The internal walls would be removed from the western end of the ground floor to create one large 18 x 18 m "TEAL" room, like that at the University of Canberra Inspire Centre. This would accommodate classes of up to 120 students. The TEAL room would open out onto the cafe.

If computer based examinations need to be accommodated, then the TEAL room could be lined with aluminium foil insulation, which would block most external wireless data access. Students could use their own laptop, a specially filtered WiFi system and a monitored, hosted IT system for their examinations. Students would only be permitted to use their laptops as terminals to the examination server, with any data copied from elsewhere detected and reported by the system.

For further items see:

1. Classroom Design
   
2. Flexible learning centre
   
3. Learning commons

The Logic of Global Warming

Vaughan Pratt, Emeritus Professor (Stanford University) will talk on "The Logic of Global Warming" at the Australian National University, 23 June 2011. Professor Pratt is a graduate of the University of Sydney and recorded on their Hall of Fame.

Research School of Computer Science

The Logic of Global Warming

Vaughan Pratt, Emeritus Professor (Stanford University)

LOGIC AND COMPUTATION SEMINAR

DATE: 2011-06-23
TIME: 12:30:00 - 13:30:00
LOCATION: CSIT Seminar Room, N101, Computer Science and Information Technology Building, Australian National University, North Road, Canberra.
CONTACT: Malcolm.Newey@anu.edu.au

ABSTRACT:
When averaged over anything less than a decade, Earth's surface temperature is difficult to predict. Beyond that however, only three significant contributors to surface temperature are apparent from the global temperature record of the past 160 years, namely two ocean oscillations of apparently long standing, and the quite recent influence of greenhouse gases of human origin. I'll discuss approaches to estimating these including the robustness of such estimates and also look briefly at the more minor contributors to long term global temperature. The talk will be pertinent to Climatologists, Physicists, Engineers and Computer Scientists with an interest in global warming.

BIO:
Vaughan Pratt is an emeritus professor of Computer Science at Stanford University and historically interested in a large number of areas of the subject - architecture, algorithms, languages, systems and particularly the application of mathematics. More details of his achievements are available though Wikipedia. He will be visiting CECS for the week of 20-24 June.

ICT and the Environment in Indonesia

Dr Idris Sulaiman, will speak on "ICT-enablement in Environmental Social Movements in Indonesia" at the Australian National University, in Canberra, 3 June 2011.

COMPUTER SCIENCE SEMINAR

Research School of Computer Science

ICT-enablement in Environmental Social Movements in Indonesia. What are the challenges of aligning ICT and organizational strategies in a 'near-networked' nation?

Dr Idris Sulaiman (Research School of Computer Science, ANU)

DATE: 2011-06-03
TIME: 11:00:00 - 12:30:00
LOCATION: CSIT Building, CSIT Seminar Room, N101

ABSTRACT:
The Internet and social media can be used strategically to make social change. The paper examines leading environmental social movement organizations in Indonesia by assessing their ICT landscape and by examining the process of ICT-enablement based on a framework which has been specifically develop to suit the current conditions in Indonesia. Is Indonesia approaching a 'near-networked' nation? What does this imply for the social movement organizations (SMOs or NGOs) that are trying to organize both 'online' and 'off-line'? Will they have to master the move from information-layer to knowledge management? What will be the role of new media such as smartphones, social networks and a variety of open source software?
BIO:
Dr. Idris Sulaiman is a Visiting Fellow at the Research School of Computer Science, the Australian National University (ANU). His research interests include a number of applied areas of Information Communications Technology (ICT) including ICT energy efficiency (EE) and sustainability, development of EE standards and regulation as well as ICT for development particularly the implementation of e-government, e-Advocacy and ICT diffusion programs both in emerging and developed economies. He also works as an adviser for a number of sustainability and ICT related organisations including Connection Research and Foundation for IT Sustainability.

Designing a Learning Centre for Engineering and Computer Science

The computer labs on the ground floor of the Computer Science and Information Technology Building (CSIT) at the Australian National University are due to be re-equipped. Rather than just replace the old computers with new ones, this is to propose turning the entire ground floor (about 1,000 square metres) into an integrated learning centre.

The new Lilley Centre at Brisbane Grammar School provides a model with lecture theatre, smaller teaching spaces, learning commons, library and offices. This based on ALTC funded research and there is scope for further research in this area using the CECS Learning Centre as an experimental advanced teaching laboratory for evidence based pedagogy.

Current Building Design

The award winning CSIT Building was purpose designed for computer science in the mid 1990s, with input by computer scientist Dr. David Hawking.

The building was ahead of its time being designed for high performance computer data cabling and work environments have been provided for undergraduate and postgraduate teaching, as well as project work.

The ground floor area originally had a seminar room (the famous N101), two smaller project rooms N118, N102), a computer museum in the foyer (N120), two tutorial rooms (N108, N109), five smaller prac rooms (N110 to N114), and two larger prac rooms (N115, N116).

Later N110 and N111 were re-purposed as postgraduate rooms. Half the dividing wall between the larger prac rooms (N115, N116) was removed to make a larger computer equipped teaching space.

The remaining prac rooms (N112 to N116) are equipped with parallel benches running down the room fitted with desktop computers. There are projection screens at the front of the rooms.

There is a student foyer near the main entrance, this has a notice board shared printers.

Issues With the Spaces

The computer equipment in the prac rooms is due for replacement. However, this provides the opportunity to rethink the use of the space and address other problems.

The area is open during normal unviersity office hours and is accessible by use of access card 24 hours a day. After hours access raises issues with the saftey of students and the clenliness of the facility.

Changes in Teaching Practice

The facility was designed with a bifurcation of teaching practice on the main axis. There are tutorial rooms on the southern side of the main corridor and prac rooms (computer labs) on the northern side. The tutorial rooms were designed for medium sized groups using conventional face to face teaching techniques lead by a tutor (without computers). The prac rooms were designed for individuals or small groups of students to work, with or without supervision, but without formal presentations.

The prac rooms have now evolved to allow for group instruction, with a presenter at the front of the room, as well as continuing to be used for small group and individual work.

Individual and small group work has different requirements to large group work and there is there for a compromise in the room design. This is seen most obviously in the combined room n115/N116, which has a half wall down the centre of the room. This wall allows the room to be used for two small separate groups, but when used as one large room half the class can't see the other.

Changes In Technology

The ANU Department of Computer Science is a leader in the development of open source software and operating systems. As a consequence the Linux operating system is installed on standard ANU computer hardware (DCS people helped develop Linux) in place of the usual Microsoft operating system elsewhere on the campus.

ANU uses a mix of Apple Mac and Microsoft Windows operating systems. There is now the option to "dual boot" these systems from the same hardware (along with Linux). There are also new options with students using their own laptops, net books and tablet computers.

However, there is a rapid change in this technology at present. Any large scale investment could be rendered obsolete within months.

The use of "cloud" computing and web based interfaces is rendering the issues of the desktop hardware and operating system used to be largely irrelevant. It is suggested that low power, small footprint models of the ANU's standard desktop computer hardware be used, retaining the use of the Linux operating system. Using a standard web browser, this is compatible with the ANU's online learning environment.

Computer Assisted Learning

In the last two years ANU has made a major investment in e-learning with the development of the "Wattle" system using the Moodle learning management system and related software. CECS is a leader in the use of this technology for blended learning with the Engineering Hubs and Spokes Project and for e-learning with the award winning Green Technology Strategies course.

As a result it is likely that CECS will require fewer large lecture theatres seating hundreds of students and more small computer equipped flexible teaching rooms seating 24 to 48 students. Also space will be required for students to work alone or in small groups with computer access.

This creates both an opportunity and a problem for CECS. The Colledge will not need to use external lecture theatres as much (these spaces being unsuitable for modern teaching practices) but will require new spaces for teaching. Other colleges, such as commerce and law have constructed new buildings with "Harvard" style rooms for group teaching. However, there is not the space, nor is there likely to be the funding for the construction of these in the CSIT building.

Suggested Approach: Design a Learning Centre

Fitting the conflicting requirements into a small space in the CSIT building is a complex task. However, some recent developments in teaching space design can be adapted. Advances in computer technology can also make the task easier.

The suggested approach is to:

1. Retain Seminar Room: The existing N101 seminar room should be retained essentially unchanged. One modification suggested is to remove the current raised platform at the front of the room, to provide a flat floor for the entire space. The current electronic lectern should be replaced with one equipped with the standard ANU computer and other facilities, including Digital Lecture Delivery.

2. Rehouse Computer Museum: The current computer museum is not an effective display, or good use of space and does not present a good first impression of DCS for visitors. The exhibits could instead be housed in glass cabinets placed against the glass wall of this room (and throughout the ground floor) and the rest of the room utilised for office space or by students. visitors would then look at the exhibits in the display to see computing history and then be able to look through the glass back wall of the display cabinet to see students engaged in computing of the future.

3. Provide different density and use spaces: Using the approach suggested by Dr Kathy Lynch at the University of the Sunshine Coast, the ground floor of the building could be modeled along the lines of a high technology business of the type IT students would aspire to work for (or own). To achieve that look, the central entrance and open plan area could be remodeled as the entrance and reception area. This would provide a place for students to meet and to find out about activities. This area would be also used during breaks in evening courses when the refectory areas of the ANU may not be open.

The current prac rooms have a very low seating density, resulting in great flexibility but limited capacity. It suggested that instead rooms with higher seating density and different layouts be provided. This will reduce the flexibility of the individual spaces, but provide increased flexibility overall. It should also allow the space to accommodate twice as many students overall.

Some areas would be equipped as informal "cafes" with tables and benches equipped with power points for student laptops. Some spaces would be equipped with wall mounted screens for small group work by students. These could be modelled on the UNSW Eora Exchange (by lahznimmo architects) and the Southbank Institute of Technology Library. Rooms with high density seating, each with a computer workstation would be provided. These could be modelled on the Ezones of UQ.

Some approaches to the design of such a space are indicated by Richard Kurk's design for the University of Queensland's new GPN4 (General Purpose North Four) building.

It suggested that the current approach of using fixed equipment in the CSIT Building be retained and the movable approach as provided by QUT's Learning Environments Support not be adopted.

4. Control After Hours Access: To provide for the safety of the students and security of facilities, after hours access should be controlled. The approach of the University of Canberra its remodelling of the library into a Learning Commons provides a useful example. In this case a small area is provided with separate air-conditioning and access control for 24 hour use, while the main building is shut down. As well as reducing energy use, this provides the students with a greater sense of security.

The spaces around the CSIT building main entry could be retained for after hours access, with more distant rooms closed off at night. During times of high demand (such as when assignments are due) more of the building could be progressively unlocked by the cars access system, through an automated system (or by remote security staff control).

For further items see:

1. Classroom Design
   
2. Flexible learning centre
   
3. Learning commons

Automated Stakeholder Selection from Social Networks

Greetings from the famous room N101 at the ANU Department of Computer Science in Canberra, where Soo Ling Lim from University College (London) is talking on "Using Social Networks to Identify and Prioritise Software Project Stakeholders". The research is detailed in "StakeNet: Using social networks to analyse the stakeholders of large-scale software projects" (Soo Ling Lim, Daniele Quercia, and Anthony Finkelstein, 2010).

Based on the research a web based tool Stakesource, has been developed. This will send out email to a list of potential stakeholders, allowing them to rate their colleagues.

The talk is about identifying people important to a software project. While the description of the technique suggests automated extraction of information. Soo Ling described a manual process where staff and students were interviewed at UCL and paper forms filled in. People were asked who else was important. I had assumed that the information would be derived automatically from existing online information. As an example LinkedIn and similar systems which relate people to people might be used.

One limitation with any such process is that the project manager first has to nominate the list of potential stakeholders. An example Soo Ling used was for an access card system for UCL. While asking staff and students on campus about the system, the developers forgot to ask external library users disenfranchising a large number of interested people.

It seems to me that with large scale systems with millions of potential users and therefore stakeholders, this method will not scale, even with the use of an automated tool. It might be better to concentrate on getting input online from anyone concerned.

Using Social Networks to Crowdsource Stakeholders

Soo Ling Lim from University College (London) will talk on "Using Social Networks to Identify and Prioritise Software Project Stakeholders" at the ANU Department of Computer Science in Canberra, 4pm 14 October 2010. This is a fee talk, no need to book, just turn up.

The research is detailed in "StakeNet: Using social networks to analyse the stakeholders of large-scale software projects" (Soo Ling Lim, Daniele Quercia, and Anthony Finkelstein, 2010).

While the talk is about identifying people important to a software project, the technique might be applied more broadly to business, administration and politics, to find out which people are actually important in making a particular decision, rather than who is notionally in charge.

In his PHD Thesis "Australia's online censorship regime" Peter Chen carried out some quantitative analysis of the relationships between lobby groups involved in the parliamentary inquiries into Internet censorship in the late 1990s. However, with more use of social networking, there should be more data available for such analysis.

Using Social Networks to Identify and Prioritise Software Project Stakeholders

Soo Ling Lim (University College, London)

COMPUTER SCIENCE SEMINAR

DATE: 2010-10-14
TIME: 16:00:00 - 17:00:00
LOCATION: CSIT Seminar Room, N101, Computer Science and Information Technology Building, The Australian National University, Canberra
CONTACT: Chris.Johnson@anu.edu.au

ABSTRACT:
Many software projects fail because they overlook stakeholders or involve the wrong representatives of significant groups. Unfortunately, existing methods in stakeholder analysis are likely to omit stakeholders, and consider all stakeholders as equally influential.

To address the problems, we have developed StakeNet, a method that uses social networks to identify and prioritise stakeholders. StakeNet identifies an initial set of stakeholders and asks them to recommend other stakeholders, builds a social network whose nodes are stakeholders and links are recommendations, and prioritises the stakeholders using a variety of social network algorithms.

To evaluate StakeNet, we apply it to a large software project to develop an access control system for 30,000 users. Results show that StakeNet identifies a highly complete list of stakeholders, and prioritises the stakeholders accurately.

We have also developed StakeSource, a software tool that automates the manual processes in StakeNet (_www.stakesource.co.uk _). StakeSource is now used in major software projects in UK and Japan.

This talk describes the StakeNet method and its evaluation, and demonstrates the StakeSource tool.

BIO:
Soo Ling is a Research Associate at the Department of Computer Science, University College London. Her research investigates the use of social networks and collaborative filtering techniques in requirements engineering.

Data Protection in Japan

Greetings from the Australian National University, where Professor Andrew Adams, Centre for Business Information Ethics Meiji University (Tokyo) is speaking on "Information privacy & data protection in Japan". This outlined the work reported in his paper "The Development of Japanese Data Protection (with with Murata and Orito in Policy and Internet, 2010). He will also be speaking at the Cyberspace Law and Policy Centre, Teaching room 101, UNSW Faculty of Law building, Sydney, 1 pm, 15 September 2010. Andrew asserted that it was a myth that Japan does not have a concept of privacy similar to western countries. Japan introduced similar legislation to protect citizens privacy in government systems and later legislated on a national electronic identity card system.

Andrew described the "Uchi-Soto" (内外) concept of relationships in Japanese society. He then talked about vertical relationships within organisations, where information is passed up and down the hierarchy, more than a western country, but under strict social rules. He then discussed the origins of these social rules, with buildings with (literally) paper thin walls. Under the "as if" tradition, if you do not official know something, you act as if you do not know.

Andrew then discussed the Kanji data input problem. Government started using data entry in the 1980. But it was only after methods for simple entry of Kanji characters were made generally avialable in the mid 1990's that there was widespread input of personal data by companies. He argues that the property crash of 1989/90 and ongoing economic problems placed pressure on companies to make more use of their data holdings. At the same time the Japanese government had financial difficulties and so wanted better data to reduce costs and collect more taxes.

Andrew claimed that there was rumoured to be a 1940s proposal for computerized national identity database for Japanese citizens by the then US occupation government. Even a single tax number required the 1990 financial problems to be introduced. Japan already had several existing registration systems.

The Basic Resident Registers Network (住民基本台帳ネットワーク) or Juki Net (住基ネット) was the proposal for computerising some of these systems. In the late 1990s, companies were then able to send individualised junk mail and this then caused concern over the security of the government system. The government system was ruled constitutional by the Supreme Court of Japan in 2008, however concerns and limited political support is still holding up full implementation.

INFORMATION & HUMAN CENTRED COMPUTING SERIES
DATE: 2010-09-13
TIME: 16:00:00 - 17:00:00
LOCATION: CSIT Seminar Room, N101
CONTACT:duncan.stevenson@anu.edu.au

ABSTRACT:
There has been an academic myth since at least Benedict's 1940s "The Chrysanthemum and the Sword" that the Japanese have little or no sense of privacy. This myth has been challenged by a number of scholars in recent years, all of whom point out that while the exact details of Japanese people's concepts of the various kinds of privacy (bodily, surveillance, information) differ in detail to those of other countries, these ideas still exist, and in fact contain no greater difference than that between other countries such as Germany and the US.

One of the arguments put forward for the Japanese lack of a sense of information privacy was the limited Japanese data protection legislation of 1988 which only covered government use of data, leaving commercial use of data entirely to voluntary codes of practice. However, in 2003, the Japanese government introduced revised data protection legislation for the public sector and introduced legislation it publicly stated was hoped to bring Japan under the EU's third country export regulations.

Prof Adams of Meiji University will present recent joint work with Murata (also of Meiji) and Orito (of Ehime) on the Japanese Sense of Information Privacy, historically and how this has been effected by computer and networking systems, and the broader political background to the development of the 2003 data protection legislation.
BIO:
Professor Andrew A Adams Professor at Graduate School of Business Administration, and Deputy Director of the Centre for Business Information Ethics Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan http://www.a-cubed.info/

Green IT Seminar in Jakarta and Canberra

Greetings from the Australian National University "Fishbowl" video conference room in the Supercomputer Facility. Dr. Idris Sulaiman and myself are in a video conference with Binus University (Indonesia) making arrangements for a Green IT Seminar, 19 May 2010 (9am to 12:30pm Jakarta time and 12 noon to 4:30pm Canberra time) at the Joseph Wibowo Centre for Advanced Learning, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Idris and others in Canberra, will be taking part via the video link, so we needed to check everything was working. The ANU video room has space for four extra people, if anyone would like to sit in.

ANU is using the LifeSize video conference system. Currently I make use of the ANU's Moodle Learning Management System for teaching my Green Information Technology Strategies Course. Last Saturday, the Australian Prime Minister announced that ANU would be providing training for the Australian Public Service and this may involve use of video conferences.

Synopsis

In an era of corporate responsibility and Global warming sensitivity, being green becomes a prerogative for any institution. Based on a research made in 2009 on 1052 companies over 1000 employees worldwide, 52% are creating Green IT strategy plan and 29% have already got such a plan. That survey did not include Indonesia, which is highly vulnerable to climate change and was classified in a 2007 World Bank's report as the world's No. 3 greenhouse gas emitter due to its high deforestation. Being the largest economy in Southeast Asia and a member of the G-20 major economies, Indonesia will soon have to prioritize Green IT. What is the current situation in Indonesia? Are the CIOs of the largest Indonesian companies aware of the importance of Green IT? Do they know what Green IT is? Do they understand the economic and social issues?

Agenda

• 08.00 - 09.00 - Registration
• 09.00 - 09.10 - Opening & Keynote Speech by Firdaus Alamsjah, Ph.D Executive Dean Binus Business School
• 09.10 - 09.30 - Does Green IT Matter? by Karen Peyronnin , MIB, Binus International
• 09.30 - 10.00 - Make Business Sense out of Green IT by IBM
• 10.00 - 11.00 - Green Computing and IT for Energy Efficiency - Technology Updates by IBM
• 11.00 - 11.15 - Coffee break
• 11.15 - 11.45 - A Model for the Adoption of Green IT by Dr Idris F.Sulaiman M.ACS M.AIE (The Australian National University)
• 11.45 - 12.30 - Green Panel by All Speakers
• 12.30 - 13.30 - Lunch

Contact Us at :

The Joseph Wibowo Center for Advanced Learning
Jalan Hang Lekir I No.6, Senayan, Jakarta 10270

Phone:
(021) 534 5830
(021) 535 0660 ext. 2150

Fax:
(021) 530 1668

E-mail:
ysaputra@binus.edu

From: Green IT Seminar, Binus University (Indonesia)

Research Workflow

This morning I have been sitting in ANU postgraduate seminars. These are an opportunity for the students to report what they are doing and get input from other students, their supervisors, but more importantly from people outside their immediate area of research. These seminars can be very stressful for the students, having to deal with everyone from specialists in their specialisation to those who have never heard of the field before.

Questions can be very blunt and negative: "What is your thesis? Who are your supervisors? That is an old text, where are your recent readings?". Some of the comments say more about the questioner than the presenter, such as "I am one of your supervisors, why have I not seen you before today?".

There seems to be far fewer support tools for students doing research than coursework. A student doing a course is given a timetable with deliverables at set dates and an assessment outline. These are now implemented with Learning Management Systems, such as Moodle. It should be possible to use the same tools for researchers. This would set out when the student has to report and would keep a copy of the reports and the supervisor's response. Tools such as Moodle may be too inflexible for research and tools such as Mahara too inflexible.

It may be useful to incorporate some of the features of academic publishing support systems such as OJS. These have a work-flow built in, with editors allocating papers to reviewers, which is similar to the research process. The system will automatically remind reviewers that they are required to submit work (unlike Moodle, which simply records when work is submitted).

Operating robots with virtual reality

Bagus Manuaba is researching at the ANU how to remote control a machine using virtual reality. Devices such as bomb disposal robots are normally operated by remote control, with an operator looking at a live video display and pushing buttons and operating a joystick. The operator is only a few hundred metres from the robot and so there is little delay transmitting video from the robot to the operator and the operators instructions back. However, as the distance in increases the, delay does also.

Where the operator is on one side of the world and the robot the other, the delay prevents fine control and the robot has to be semi-autonomous. In addition, looking at a flat 2d image makes it hard to control a robot.

Some systems use stereoscopic video, such as the Airbus Military Aerial Refuelling Boom System (ARBS) fr the Airbus A330 Multi Role Tanker Transport (MRTT) aircraft being acquired by the Royal Australian Air Force. With this system the operator sits in the aircraft cockpit and fly the boom while looking at a stereoscopic image. Previous systems, such as the KC-135, require the operator to be in the tail of the aircraft. It might be interesting to enhance the Airbus system with virtual reality.

Teleoperation System with Supervisory Control in a Mixed Reality Environment

Bagus Manuaba (SoCS CECS)

CS HDR MONITORING Info & Human Centred Computing Research Group

DATE: 2010-04-15
TIME: 11:30:00 - 12:00:00
LOCATION: Ian Ross Seminar Room
CONTACT: Michelle.Moravec@anu.edu.au

ABSTRACT:
Mixed reality is a new innovation of virtual reality. By combine this innovation with supervisory control in teleoperation system is expected can solve any limitations that occur in teleoperation system today. In this presentation I will give a brief description about teleoperation, supervisory control and mixed reality, and also bring several examples of research that related in this area. In addition, it is also showing the focus and the expected outcomes from my current research.

Mutual Engagement in Mobile Music

Greetings from the ANU in Canberra where Ben Swift from the Information and Human Centred Computing Research Group is talking on "Engagement Relationships in Mobile Music". He is describing the "flow" which musicians experience when performing in a group and are "in the grove". He is researching this experience with multiple iPhones linked by WiFi to a "Viscotheque" server.

The Viscotheqe app for the iPhone allows for manipulating audio sampling. The samples from each iPhone of each performer are mixed by the server for a performance. Three groups of three performers tried the system and data was collected. Video cued recall was used t collect participant responses (video of the participants was played back while they commented to an interviewer). Ben discussed the results in terms of Bryan-Kinns work on enguagement networks. Ben is also involved in the organising of the Australasian Computer Music Conference 2010 at ANU, 24-26 June 2010 in Canberra.

This is an entertaining and scholarly use of ICT. It would make a good project for commercial development through the Innovation ACT program.

The app seems to use only the iPhone's touch screen interface. A useful extension would be to use the motion sensors, for an "Air Guitar" interface. Also it would be interesting to try with musicians blindfolded, or who are blind. Also it might be useful to aurally code each iPhone, so the musicians know who is playing what.

Engagement Relationships in Mobile Music

Ben Swift (SoCS CECS)

CS HDR MONITORING Info & Human Centred Computing Research Group

DATE: 2010-04-15
TIME: 11:00:00 - 11:30:00
LOCATION: Ian Ross Seminar Room
CONTACT: Michelle.Moravec@anu.edu.au

ABSTRACT:
Multi-user interactive music systems offer the possibility of accessible and engaging group experiences. Based on a recent user study of Viscotheque, an iPhone- based system for group musical creativity, this talk will present an analysis of engagement relationships in a group creative task and suggest directions for future research in this area. ...

Greening mutlicore computers

Greetings from the ANU in Canberra where PhD student Xi Yang is giving a seminar on how to use software to save power used by adding a low power cores to a computer architecture. He argues that around 2000 CPU chip designers could no longer increase performance by simply increasing the frequency the chip operated at. Instead designers included multiple cores on the one chip. Normally multiple cores of the same core designs are used. However, a better result might be obtained by using low power cores for routine tasks. The simplest example is a chip with one large core and one small core. The small core then handles routine tasks, such as slow input/output, freeing the big core for handling high performance application processing.

This technique seems to me to have considerable potential. Apart from increasing the performance of a system, it could be used to reduce the energy consumption. I use a netbook with a low power Intel Atom processor. This is more than adequate for routine web browsing, email and word processing, but is not sufficient for large application tasks. Having a high performance core would allow for occasional large tasks.

From a practical point of view a small low power processor is all most desktop computer users need. However, they will buy a higher performance unit just in case they need it. This computer will then waste energy by running idle most of the time. If they could buy a computer with a low power and high power core that would save energy, as the high power core would be unused most of the time.

Some desktop computers and laptops already include an ancillary low power chip, but this is only used to boot the computer using a stripped down operating system (usually a version of Linux or Windows CE) for quick casual browsing. The ancillary chip is unused when the main processor is active. It may be feasible to reprogram one of these systems to provide for both processors working at once. A might be to use several low power cores in place of the high performance core. As an example, eight Intel Atom cores might be provided, but normally only one would be used.

Seminar Details

OS-assisting Core: Improving the Power efficiency of Single ISA Asymmetric Chip

Xi Yang (School of Computer Science, CECS ANU)

CS HDR MONITORING CompSys Research Group

DATE: 2010-04-08
TIME: 10:45:00 - 11:15:00
LOCATION: Ian Ross Seminar Room
CONTACT: Michelle.Moravec@anu.edu.au

ABSTRACT:
The power efficiency of asymmetric multicore systems can be improved by executing suitable operating system workload on low power cores. Devices interrupt handling, IO processing, scheduler and background kernel threads are suitable candidate workload.

Google Wave Jobs in Sydney

Pamela Fox has mentioned that Google have jobs available in their Google Wave team at their remarkable Google Sydney building for: a Developer Programs Engineer and a Associate Program Manger. My ex-students from ANU would have a head start with these as several ANU graduates already work at Google and the Google team drop in a couple of times a year to give us workshops and seminars.

University engagement with industry

Greetings from the Australian National University were the College of Engineering & Computer Science is having an Industry Engagement Day. The idea is to working out how to apply the research done by universities and places like NICTA, to industry. I have some background in this having been involved in formal discipline bodies to change IT research and informa discussions leading to the the creation of NICTA. More recenelty I have helped teaching innovation a ANU.

The first speaker was Professor Mandy Thomas, PVC Research. She pointed out that the Australian Government released an innovation policy "Powering Ideas: an innovation agenda for the 21st century" (12 May 2009) and rearranged portfolios to place research with industry. ANU is looking at ways to link with industry. Support is provided to researchers to seek out industry partners for ARC Linkage Grants. Professor Thomas invited suggestions on how to improve this program.

My suggestion was be to provide training for researches on how to innovate. ANU's engineering students run an excellent Innvoation ACT program each year, to teach how to take an idea to business. This is now an ACT wide program involving other universities and all disciplines. The presentations are recorded and I suggested it would not be difficult to turn this into a formal course.As an e-learning course this could be avialible to all ANU postgraduate students, and students at partner unviersites worldwide.

From the Innovation Report:

... Australia’s recent innovation performance has been uneven, and we have failed to keep pace with the rest of the world. In the last eight years, Australia has slipped from fifth to eighteenth in the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Index. Our multi-factor productivity grew 1.4 per cent a year on average between 1982–83 and 1995–96. Growth has averaged only 0.9 per cent a year since then, which is no better than we achieved in the 1960s. Since 2003–04, our productivity has actually declined.

... The Australian Government has adopted seven National Innovation Priorities to focus the production, diffusion and application of new knowledge. All of these priorities are equally important. They address the country’s long-term weakness in business innovation, and in collaboration between researchers and industry. The National Innovation Priorities complement Australia’s National Research Priorities, which help focus public-sector research.

Priority 1: Public research funding supports high-quality research that addresses national challenges and opens up new opportunities.

Priority 2: Australia has a strong base of skilled researchers to support the national research effort in both the public and private sectors.

Priority 3: The innovation system fosters industries of the future, securing value from the commercialisation of Australian research and development.

Priority 4: More effective dissemination of new technologies, processes, and ideas increases innovation across the economy, with a particular focus on small and medium-sized enterprises.

Priority 5: The innovation system encourages a culture of collaboration within the research sector and between researchers and industry.

Priority 6: Australian researchers and businesses are involved in more international collaborations on research and development.

Priority 7: The public and community sectors work with others in the innovation system to improve policy development and service delivery.

... the Australian Government will ...

Capacity

• Progressively increase the number of research groups performing at world-class levels, as measured by international performance benchmarks.

• Use mission-based funding compacts and other funding mechanisms to promote collaboration by encouraging universities to organise themselves into research hubs and spokes, and to pursue opportunities to undertake industry-driven research more vigorously.

• Progressively address the gap in funding for indirect research costs — starting by augmenting the Research Infrastructure Block Grants Scheme with a new Sustainable Research Excellence in Universities Initiative.

• Help smaller and regional universities develop their research capacity by teaming up with other institutions — supported by a new Collaborative Research Networks Scheme.

• Increase the capacity of public research organisations, especially to tackle complex problems, participate in domestic and international collaborations, and undertake multidisciplinary research.

• Continue to invest in research infrastructure to support collaboration and give Australian researchers access to the latest technology, guided by the Strategic Roadmap for Australian Research Infrastructure (2008) — building on $580 million for university research and teaching infrastructure in the first round of the Education Investment Fund, $321 million for research infrastructure in the second round, and $901 million for projects identified through the roadmap and funded under the Super Science Initiative; the third round of the Education Investment Fund will be conducted in 2009–10 to maintain the momentum.

Skills

• Develop a research workforce strategy to address expected shortfalls in the supply of research-qualified people.

• Increase the stipend for Australian Postgraduate Awards — with an increase of more than 10 per cent announced in the 2009–10 Budget, lifting the stipend to $22,500 in 2010.

• Significantly increase the number of students completing higher degrees by research over the next decade — building on the Government’s ambition to lift the proportion of 25–34-year olds with a bachelor’s degree and its new incentives to get undergraduates studying maths and science (both of which will enlarge the pool of students qualified to undertake research degrees), as well as its action to double the number of Australian Postgraduate Awards in the 2008–09 Budget.

• Create viable career paths for Australian researchers — building on the Government’s measures to support research trainees (more Australian Postgraduate Awards with higher stipends), early-career researchers (Super Science Fellowships), mid career researchers (Future Fellowships), and senior researchers (Australian Laureate Fellowships).

Accountability

• Introduce mission-based funding compacts that allow universities to determine their own research and collaboration agendas in line with national priorities.

• Implement Excellence in Research for Australia to measure the quality of university research and guide the allocation of resources.

• Require universities to provide more meaningful data on research costs through activity-based reporting, and to meet specific performance targets to be developed in consultation with the sector.

Business innovation

... the Australian Government will ...

• Aim to increase the proportion of businesses engaging in innovation by 25 per cent over the next decade — building on initiatives including Enterprise Connect, Clean Business Australia, and the new $4.5 billion Clean Energy Initiative.

• Aim to increase the number of businesses investing in R&D over time — fuelled by the introduction of a new R&D Tax Credit, which will double the tax incentive for small-business R&D (restoring it to pre-1996 levels), and lift the base tax incentive for R&D by larger firms.

• Support innovative responses to climate change — including through Clean Business Australia, the Green Car Innovation Fund, the Clean Energy Initiative, the Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute, and the Climate Change Action Fund.

• Improve innovation skills and workplace capabilities, including management and leadership skills — building on Enterprise Connect and the Education Revolution.

• Support the efforts of Australian firms to get their ideas to market — through initiatives including Climate Ready, the Green Car Innovation Fund, and the new Commonwealth Commercialisation Institute.

• Work with the private sector to increase the supply of venture capital — building on the Government’s measures to maintain stability and liquidity in the Australian financial system during the global financial crisis, and on the new Innovation Investment Follow-on Fund.

• Maintain a continuous dialogue with industry about how we can maximise business innovation — including through Enterprise Connect, Industry Innovation Councils, and working groups like that established for pharmaceuticals.

Public sector innovation

... the Australian Government will ...

• Take advice from the Australian Public Service Management Advisory Committee and the Australian National Audit Office on how the public sector can implement the recommendations of the Review of the National Innovation System.

• Use public procurement to drive research, innovation and technology development by Australian firms — building on the new Commonwealth Procurement Guidelines released in December 2008.

• Take steps to develop a more coordinated approach to Commonwealth information management, innovation, and engagement involving the Australian Government Information Management Office and other federal agencies.

• Consider options for reforming the Australian patent system to increase innovation, investment and trade; and supporting intellectual property education for researchers and business.

• Improve the management and regulation of biotechnology and nanotechnology to maximise community confidence and community benefits from the use of new technology — starting with a new National Enabling Technologies Strategy.

Collaboration

... the Australian Government will ...

• Aim to double the level of collaboration between Australian businesses, universities, and publicly-funded research agencies over the next decade — building on initiatives including mission-based funding compacts for universities, Enterprise Connect (including its Researchers in Business Program), Industry Innovation Councils, the new Joint Research Engagement Scheme, and the new Royal Institution of Australia.

• Increase international collaboration in research by Australian universities — building on actions to open important Australian Research Council awards and fellowships to international applicants, and increase multilateral engagement (for example, in the Square Kilometre Array radio-telescope project).

• Renew the Cooperative Research Centres Program along the lines proposed in Collaborating to a Purpose — building on the new program guidelines released in 2008, which reinstate public good as a funding criterion, encourage research in the humanities, arts and social sciences, and increase the program’s focus on the needs of end-users.

• Improve Enterprise Connect’s services to individual firms, anticipating that Enterprise Connect will continue to develop and may include regional clusters and networks uniting businesses, researchers and educational institutions.

• Promote proven models for linking public and not-for-profit researchers with industry and the wider Australian community — including the CSIRO’s National Research Flagships and the CSIRO ICT Centre.

Governance

... the Australia Government will ...

• Strengthen the Prime Minister’s Science, Engineering and Innovation Council, especially its capacity to look over the horizon and identify emerging trends.

• Use the Commonwealth, State and Territory Advisory Council on Innovation to improve intergovernmental coordination, starting with the design and delivery of business programs.

• Give the interagency Coordination Committee for Science and Technology more responsibility and rename it the Coordination Committee on Innovation.

• Increase the use of metrics, analysis, and evaluation to inform policy development and decision-making.

The future

By 2020, the Australian Government wants a national innovation system in which:

• the Commonwealth clearly articulates national priorities and aspirations to make the best use of resources, drive change, and provide benchmarks against which to measure success;

• universities and research organisations attract the best minds to conduct world-class research, fuelling the innovation system with new knowledge and ideas;

• businesses of all sizes and in all sectors embrace innovation as the pathway to greater competitiveness, supported by government policies that minimise barriers and maximise opportunities for the commercialisation of new ideas and new technologies;

• governments and community organisations consciously seek to improve policy development and service delivery through innovation; and

• researchers, businesses and governments work collaboratively to secure value from commercial innovation and to address national and global challenges.

From: Executive Summary, Powering Ideas: an innovation agenda for the 21st century, 12 May 2009

Next speaker was Professor Chris Baker. He started by citing Stanford University's 2006 strategic plan, which while pointing out the unviersity's impressive role in creating new industries and educated captains of industry were working to improve firther. Professor Baker also used the example fo te Cambridge Computer Lab, where about one third of funding come from industry. The comparison with Cambridge is an interesting one. Some years ago on a visit to Cambridge, Sir Peter Swinnerton-Dyer, Chair of the University IT Committee recommended the report "The Cambridge Phenomenon". I found a copy of the report in the ANU library and made a brief study of it:

Segal Quince & Partners (Segal 1985) looked at four policy issues:

• The role of small new technology based firms
• Links between industry and higher educational and research institutions
• The contributions and roles of the public and private sectors in stimulating technological change and economic development. What is the impact of the allocation of allocation of public research funds?
• The spatial distribution of high technology industry. Will there be a trend away from established industrial and urban areas to attractive rural areas?

Lessons of History

• There is a long history (100 years) of high technology companies in Cambridge, due to the University.
• The University is dominant in the city of Cambridge and is strong in scientific fields.
• The region was already growing before the latest hi-tech developments.
• Planning which limited large industrialisation may have helped small hi-tech firms.
• Problems of preservation v development remain.

... two kinds of company links:

• People forming new start-ups from existing companies, the University, or research laboratories
• Subsidiaries of existing companies in the area created, but operating essentially as independent companies

... ``nursery units' ... technology parks were:

• The park was developed in response to demand, not to encourage it,
• Private sector development was dominant,
• The buildings were not especially high technology in design or facilities.

Definition of the Phenomenon

• Large numbers of high technology companies around Cambridge for computer hardware, software scientific instruments, electronics and biotechnology
• Young, small, independent and indigenous companies
• Decades of high technology company start ups
• Research, design and development activities or small volume high value production
• Links between firms, the university and research organisations...

From: The Cambridge Phenomenon, Summary of The Report, From Net Traveller, Tom Worthington, 1999

Based on this I proposed "Building Arcadia: Emulating Cambridge's High Technology Success", some of which was incorporated in NICTA. Some of the lessons from Cambridge were not welcome in academia and in incorporated. As an example, one reason for the creation of so many start-up companies in Cambridge was the lack of tenure for most staff. Researchers who wanted to keep the Cambridge lifestyle had to go out and set up a compnay in order to earn a living.

Pault Stapleton, from NICTA was the next speaker on the NICTA commercialisation model. NITA has licencsing of technology to existing companies and spinouts (creating new companies). More recently NICTA has offered R&C services. NICTA has a commercialisation team to support the researchers.

NICTA's Investment Model

Grants Pre-Commercialisation

Up to AUD 50K Market Development Grant Up to AUD 100K Proof of Concept

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Investments for Commercialisation

Up to AUD 250K NIPR Investment

• 
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Up to further AUD 250K from NIPR

From: "NICTA's Investment Model", NICTA, 2008.

As an example Paul mentioned the Goanna Software Bug Detection tool , AutoMap map analysis, and the Performance Assessment for Service Architecture (ePASA) for ICT development.